mortality/aging
• embryos fail to implant due to defective trophectoderm development
• blastocytes are found at the expected Mendelian frequency
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embryo
• embryonic stem cells cannot be isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocytes
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• embryos have abnormal development of the trophoectoderm that leads to a failure to implant
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reproductive system
• mutant embryos fail to implant
• tetraploid complementation (where wild-type cells contribute to the trophectoderm while mutant ES cells form the inner cell mass) leads to successful implantation
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