growth/size/body
• there is a trend of decreased body weight as mice age
• decreased bodyweight is more evident in female than male mice
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behavior/neurological
• mice fed a ketogenic diet make more mistakes and take longer to find a hidden platform in a water maze after training
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• mice run only 75% the distance as controls in an endurance tests
• ketogenic (high-fat, low-carb) diet fed mice only run half the distance as wild-type controls fed the same diet
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cellular
• ketogenic diet increases mtDNA 1.5-fold in the brain and 3-fold in the liver
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• 3-fold increase of mtDNA in skeletal muscle
• mtDNA increases to 4.5 fold over controls in skeletal muscle when mice are fed a ketogenic diet
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• numbers and size of mitochondria are vastly increased in skeletal muscle
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• numbers and size of mitochondria are vastly increased in skeletal muscle
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• lung fibroblasts isolated from mice take significantly longer to grow on a galactose but not glucose media
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• increases in citrate synthase activity
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• despite increased mitochondrial mass, ATP levels in skeletal muscle are 60% of controls on a standard diet and just 30% of controls on a ketogenic diet
• mitochondria in skeletal muscles have 30-40% reduced COX activity
• when fed a ketogenic diet, mitochondria from numerous tissues have reduced COX activity
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homeostasis/metabolism
• mice run only 75% the distance as controls in an endurance tests
• ketogenic (high-fat, low-carb) diet fed mice only run half the distance as wild-type controls fed the same diet
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muscle
• 3-fold increase of mtDNA in skeletal muscle
• mtDNA increases to 4.5 fold over controls in skeletal muscle when mice are fed a ketogenic diet
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• mice have about double the number of falls on a treadmill as do controls
• falls occur about 6-fold more than controls when mice are fed a ketogenic diet
• grip tests confirm the muscle weakness in these mice
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