mortality/aging
• slightly fewer than expected mice are born (18% compared to the expected 25%)
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skeleton
• enhanced
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• the osteoblast surface to bone surface is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• mice exhibit enlarged osteoclasts and an increase in the number of multinucleated osteoclasts compared to in wild-type mice
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• bone marrow cells exhibit enhanced osteoclast differentiation with increased number of mononuclear and multinucleated osteoclasts compared to in wild-type mice
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• enhanced osteoclast formation is accompanied by enhanced osteoclast activity
• autocrine stimulation by TNFalpha enhances osteoclastogenesis compared to in wild-type mice
• the number of osteoclasts to bone perimeter is decreased compared to in wild-type mice
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• bone volume is increased 1.7-fold compared to in wild-type mice
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• the thickness of bone trabeculae is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• the number of bone trabeculae is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• mineral apposition is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• bone formation is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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immune system
• mice exhibit enlarged osteoclasts and an increase in the number of multinucleated osteoclasts compared to in wild-type mice
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• bone marrow cells exhibit enhanced osteoclast differentiation with increased number of mononuclear and multinucleated osteoclasts compared to in wild-type mice
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• enhanced osteoclast formation is accompanied by enhanced osteoclast activity
• autocrine stimulation by TNFalpha enhances osteoclastogenesis compared to in wild-type mice
• the number of osteoclasts to bone perimeter is decreased compared to in wild-type mice
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hematopoietic system
• mice exhibit enlarged osteoclasts and an increase in the number of multinucleated osteoclasts compared to in wild-type mice
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• bone marrow cells exhibit enhanced osteoclast differentiation with increased number of mononuclear and multinucleated osteoclasts compared to in wild-type mice
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• enhanced osteoclast formation is accompanied by enhanced osteoclast activity
• autocrine stimulation by TNFalpha enhances osteoclastogenesis compared to in wild-type mice
• the number of osteoclasts to bone perimeter is decreased compared to in wild-type mice
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cellular
• enhanced
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• bone marrow cells exhibit enhanced osteoclast differentiation with increased number of mononuclear and multinucleated osteoclasts compared to in wild-type mice
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• the osteoblast surface to bone surface is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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