mortality/aging
• most die by 8 months resulting from lethal cardiomyopathy
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cardiovascular system
• myocyte cross-sectional area is increased significantly by 4 months of age
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• at 2 months, mice show significant increase in heart-to-body weight ratios that increase with age compared to controls
• before 2 months of age, mice exhibit concentric hypertrophic remodeling
• at 2 months, mice show greater than 2-fold increase in heart-to-body weight ratio compared to sham controls induced by 14 days of aortic banding; mice also display a significantly greater percent increase in heart-to-body weight versus controls after 14 days of infusion of angiotensin II, isoproterenol, or phenylephrine
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• thinning of left ventricular free wall and septum are observed at later time points
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• end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions are significantly increased, with unchanged or decreased wall thickness suggesting cardiomyopathy
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• insterstitial cell fibrosis is observed by 4 months of age
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• by 4 months, fractional shortening is significantly reduced
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• left ventricular pressure gradient versus time (systolic function) is significantly reduced by 4 months of age
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muscle
• myocyte cross-sectional area is increased significantly by 4 months of age
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• end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions are significantly increased, with unchanged or decreased wall thickness suggesting cardiomyopathy
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• by 4 months, fractional shortening is significantly reduced
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• left ventricular pressure gradient versus time (systolic function) is significantly reduced by 4 months of age
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growth/size/body
• at 2 months, mice show significant increase in heart-to-body weight ratios that increase with age compared to controls
• before 2 months of age, mice exhibit concentric hypertrophic remodeling
• at 2 months, mice show greater than 2-fold increase in heart-to-body weight ratio compared to sham controls induced by 14 days of aortic banding; mice also display a significantly greater percent increase in heart-to-body weight versus controls after 14 days of infusion of angiotensin II, isoproterenol, or phenylephrine
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• end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions are significantly increased, with unchanged or decreased wall thickness suggesting cardiomyopathy
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cellular
• insterstitial cell fibrosis is observed by 4 months of age
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