behavior/neurological
growth/size/body
• low body weight manifests between 2 and 3 months of age
|
integument
ruffled hair
(
J:183788
)
• ruffled fur manifests between 2 and 3 months of age
|
cellular
• the mitochondria observed in mutant diaphragm or tibialis anterior (TA) contained extensive and compact cristae
|
• immunofluorescence analysis of primary diaphragm myoblasts revealed mitochondria that are significantly more elongated in mutant mice
|
• the mitochondria observed in mutant diaphragm or tibialis anterior (TA) are significantly enlarged compared with the control
• steady-state mitochondrial mass was unaffected
|
• elevated autophagy in skeletal muscle of mutant mice
|
homeostasis/metabolism
• elevated autophagy in skeletal muscle of mutant mice
|
• mutant myoblasts exhibit a higher ER Ca2+ content compared with controls
|
muscle
N |
• no differences were observed in the overall structure of cardiac muscle in mutant mice compared with controls
|
• disintegration of the sarcomeric structure in many areas
|
• presence of numerous vacuolar structures suggestive of dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
• diaphragm muscle from mutant 3.5-month-old mice by electron microscopy shows significant skeletal muscle structural disarray
|
• increased intermyofibrillar space in many areas
|
• immunohistochemical analysis of diaphragm sections reacted with antibody against slow type I myosin heavy chain revealed that mutant diaphragm exhibits a higher proportion of slow-twitch fibers; this was not accompanied by a significant change in overall mean fiber size, although there were mild alterations in the fiber size distribution curves
|
• there is a decrease in diaphragmatic force-generating capacity during brief tetanic, single twitch and repetitive submaximal electrical stimulation protocols
• the mutant diaphragms were better able to maintain their initial force level during repetitive stimulations due to an increased percentage of slow-twitch fibers
|