mortality/aging
• when heterozygotes are intercrossed some fraction of homozygote and heterozygote embryos die during gestation
• the number of males is reduced relative to the number of females
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• embryos with hypermethylated differentially methylated regions die before E14.5
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cellular
reproductive system
• crosses of male or female homozygotes to wild-type mice results in smaller litters compared to wild-type to wild-type crosses
• the reduction in litter size is more dramatic when male homozygous mice are crossed to wild-type mice relative to the inverse cross
• decrease in litter size is correlated with combined parental gene dosage
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