cardiovascular system
• basal contractility and relaxation (+dP/dt and -dP/dt) are significantly decreased compared to controls
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muscle
• basal contractility and relaxation (+dP/dt and -dP/dt) are significantly decreased compared to controls
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• L-type VDCC peak current density is significantly decreased by 45% compared with wild-type
• there is more than 4-fold increase in the half-activation potential for cardiomyocytes
• the voltage dependence and kinetics of L-type Ca2+ activation in heart muscle are shifted in a hypopolarizing direction
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nervous system
• L-type VDCC peak current density in cardiomyocytes is significantly decreased by 45% compared with wild-type
• voltage-dependent inactivation independent of current amplitude is slower in mutant mice
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• there is more than 4-fold increase in the half-activation potential for cardiomyocytes
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renal/urinary system
• males have a tendency for bladder dilatation
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