muscle
• muscle is strikingly redder than in non-transgenic littermates
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• fibers are smaller than in wild-type controls
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• muscles contain predominantly oxidative fibers in contrast to normal muscles which contain mix of glycolytic and oxidative fibers; tibialis anterior muscle in wild-type contains mostly glycolytic fibers, whereas in transgenic animals, every fiber is oxidative
• fibers with type IIX (fast-twitch, oxidative) characteristics are strongly induced in transgenic muscles
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• muscles in mutants are slightly smaller than in controls, due to decreased fiber size
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homeostasis/metabolism
• transgenic animals have an increased capacity for oxidative work (such as exercise); in a treadmill running paradigm, wild-type animals run for 26.5 min to exhaustion, in contrast to transgenic littermates which can run 32.5 min until reaching exhaustion
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cellular
• induction of mitochondria is increased in transgenic muscle compared to wild-type
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