Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• sperm maturation defects occur during passage through the epididymis
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• counts of intact, viable caudal spermatozoa is decreased 30% compared to in wild-type mice due to increased decapitation
• however, mice exhibit normal germ cells during spermatogenesis and normal spermatozoa number during epididymal transit
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• abnormal spermatozoa with curled tails and random orientation of heads and tails are found in the cauda epididymide unlike in wild-type mice
• caudal spermatozoa exhibit round bodies unlike in wild-type mice
• however, spermatozoa in the caput epididymides are normal
• less than 20% of spermatozoa have normal linear conformation typical of caudal spermatozoa
• 52% of spermatozoa exhibit angular shape compared with wild-type spermatozoa
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• caudal spermatozoa exhibit fused, bent, or curled tails unlike in wild-type mice
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• caudal spermatozoa exhibit curled flagellum unlike wild-type spermatozoa
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• 30% of caudal spermatozoa exhibit separation of heads from tails
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• caudal spermatozoa exhibit bent or hairpin flagellum unlike wild-type spermatozoa
• 52% of spermatozoa exhibit angular shape compared with wild-type spermatozoa
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• caudal spermatozoa are abnormal with some heads detached from tails unlike in wild-type mice
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• in an in vitro fertilization assay, the ability of sperm to initiate fertilization is decreased compared with wild-type sperm
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• male mice mated to virgin females initiate fewer pregnancies per plugged female compared with wild-type mice
• only 48% of eggs exposed to sperm develop to the blastocyst/compacted morula stage compared with 92% of eggs exposed to wild-type sperm
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• in an in vitro fertilization assay, the ability of sperm to initiate fertilization is decreased compared with wild-type sperm
• spermatozoa fail to mount an effective swelling response upon release into hypotonic media unlike similarly treated wild-type sperm
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• only 50% of spermatozoa exhibit progressive motility in a forward direction
• however, spermatozoa that exhibit progressive motility show normal motility
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cellular
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• counts of intact, viable caudal spermatozoa is decreased 30% compared to in wild-type mice due to increased decapitation
• however, mice exhibit normal germ cells during spermatogenesis and normal spermatozoa number during epididymal transit
|
|
|
• abnormal spermatozoa with curled tails and random orientation of heads and tails are found in the cauda epididymide unlike in wild-type mice
• caudal spermatozoa exhibit round bodies unlike in wild-type mice
• however, spermatozoa in the caput epididymides are normal
• less than 20% of spermatozoa have normal linear conformation typical of caudal spermatozoa
• 52% of spermatozoa exhibit angular shape compared with wild-type spermatozoa
|
|
|
• caudal spermatozoa exhibit fused, bent, or curled tails unlike in wild-type mice
|
|
|
• caudal spermatozoa exhibit curled flagellum unlike wild-type spermatozoa
|
|
|
• 30% of caudal spermatozoa exhibit separation of heads from tails
|
|
|
• caudal spermatozoa exhibit bent or hairpin flagellum unlike wild-type spermatozoa
• 52% of spermatozoa exhibit angular shape compared with wild-type spermatozoa
|
|
|
• caudal spermatozoa are abnormal with some heads detached from tails unlike in wild-type mice
|
|
|
• only 50% of spermatozoa exhibit progressive motility in a forward direction
• however, spermatozoa that exhibit progressive motility show normal motility
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