reproductive system
• markedly deficient in progressive motility relative to sperm from wild-type mice
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• after the capacitation incubating period, 70% of mutant sperm show flagellar angularity between the midpiece and the principal piece, compared to only 30% of the wild-type sperm
• many of the mutant sperm have a "hairpin" configuration
• mutant sperm fail to hyperpolarize their membrane potential after capacitation
• depolarization after the in vitro capacitation
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• mating with multiple wild-type females (2 females per male) produce no offspring in a period of approximately 4 months
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• mutant sperm are unable to fertilize the eggs even after removal of the zona pellucida in in vitro fertilization
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• deficient in the acrosome reaction (AR) treated with the calcium ionophore A23187
• mutant AR phenotype is substantially rescued by the inclusion of the potassium ionophore valinomycin
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cellular
• markedly deficient in progressive motility relative to sperm from wild-type mice
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