growth/size/body
• enlarged kidney by E15.5 due to duplicated ureteric outgrowth
|
renal/urinary system
• enlarged kidney by E15.5 due to duplicated ureteric outgrowth
|
• 12.5% of E10.5 embryos exhibit structural irregularities in the developing kidney
• kidneys develop double ureters, showing an additional ureteric bud outgrowth at E11.5
• however, subsequent branching of the ureteric bud is unaffected and cell proliferation and apoptosis within the tip populations of kidneys at E12.5 are comparable to wild-type
|
• adult kidneys with duplicated ureters show an increase in nephron numbers
|
• 29% of kidneys show duplicated, unilateral ureteric outgrowths arising from the nephric duct and 8% of kidneys show bilateral duplications at E11.5-E15.5
• 70% of double ureter occur in the left kidney
|
respiratory system
• marker analysis indicates a delay in the appearance of specialized cell types arising in both proximal (mucosal and ciliated cells) and distal (alveolar epithelial cells) positions of developing airways
• however, cell proliferation and apoptosis within the tip populations of lungs at E12.5 are comparable to wild-type
|
• the primary branch network for all 5 lobes of the lungs is reduced at E12.5, indicating a reduction in primary branch growth
• total epithelial length, total epithelial volume, and tip numbers are smaller in E12.5 lungs
• fewer tip number in E12.5 lungs, indicating fewer branching events
• the primary branches of each lobe maintain the general branch pattern for the secondary lateral branches, however some branches are absent, suggesting a delay in the initial formation of the secondary branches
|
• E15.5 lobes are misshapen
|
• the accessory lobe is shorter and curled at E12.5, then curves back on itself by E13.5
|
small lung
(
J:280280
)
• lungs grow significantly by E15.5 but remain undersized and adult lungs are smaller
• smaller size of lungs is due to shorter primary branches and reduced secondary branching
|
• expansion of lung volumes at E13.5, reflecting the increased branch formation
|