cellular
• under normal conditions, MEFs derived from E15.5 mutant embryos show a significant increase in LC3-positive puncta numbers per cell relative to wild-type MEFs
• under amino acid starvation, mutant MEFs show a significantly smaller increase in LC3-positive puncta numbers than wild-type MEFs
• after rapamycin treatment, mutant MEFs fail to exhibit a significant increase in LC3-II expression, unlike wild-type MEFs, indicating that autophagy induction is impaired
• mutant MEFs show significant accumulation of LC3-II and p62 (an autophagy substrate) indicating that autophagic flux is impaired
• after leupeptin and pepstatin A (LP) treatment to block lysosomal degradation, mutant MEFs fail to show further accumulation of LC3-II and p62 levels, unlike wild-type MEFs, indicating defects in autophagosome maturation and autophagosome degradation
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• mutant MEFs show a significant increase in cathepsin D and cathepsin L levels, indicating either an increase in their synthesis or a block in lysosomal degradation
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homeostasis/metabolism
• under normal conditions, MEFs derived from E15.5 mutant embryos show a significant increase in LC3-positive puncta numbers per cell relative to wild-type MEFs
• under amino acid starvation, mutant MEFs show a significantly smaller increase in LC3-positive puncta numbers than wild-type MEFs
• after rapamycin treatment, mutant MEFs fail to exhibit a significant increase in LC3-II expression, unlike wild-type MEFs, indicating that autophagy induction is impaired
• mutant MEFs show significant accumulation of LC3-II and p62 (an autophagy substrate) indicating that autophagic flux is impaired
• after leupeptin and pepstatin A (LP) treatment to block lysosomal degradation, mutant MEFs fail to show further accumulation of LC3-II and p62 levels, unlike wild-type MEFs, indicating defects in autophagosome maturation and autophagosome degradation
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• mutant MEFs show a significant increase in Ulk1 (an autophagy initiation factor), Atg13 and phosphorylated Ulk1 levels relative to wild-type MEFs
• after rapamycin treatment, mutant MEFs show significantly higher phosphorylated Ulk1 levels than wild-type MEFs, consistent with impaired autophagy induction
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