endocrine/exocrine glands
• defective mammopoiesis during puberty, pregnancy, and lactation
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• mammary glands show a normal elongation of ducts but a decreased number of ductal branches and reduced density of ducts during puberty and long after puberty
• ductal branching stimulated by direct estrogen treatment of ovariectomized females is attenuated in mutants
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• lactating mammary glands contain decreased numbers of lobuloalveoli with many adipoctyes
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• glands from females on the 15th day of pregnancy show impaired lobuloalveolar development with decreased density of alveoli
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• slight increase in apoptosis is seen in the terminal end buds of mutant inguinal mammary glands
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• most pups from mutant litters die within 48 hours after birth with no milk in stomachs, however pups can be fostered by wild-type females, indicating inability to produce a sufficient amount of milk to nurse pups
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reproductive system
• glands from females on the 15th day of pregnancy show impaired lobuloalveolar development with decreased density of alveoli
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integument
• defective mammopoiesis during puberty, pregnancy, and lactation
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• mammary glands show a normal elongation of ducts but a decreased number of ductal branches and reduced density of ducts during puberty and long after puberty
• ductal branching stimulated by direct estrogen treatment of ovariectomized females is attenuated in mutants
|
• lactating mammary glands contain decreased numbers of lobuloalveoli with many adipoctyes
|
• glands from females on the 15th day of pregnancy show impaired lobuloalveolar development with decreased density of alveoli
|
• slight increase in apoptosis is seen in the terminal end buds of mutant inguinal mammary glands
|
• most pups from mutant litters die within 48 hours after birth with no milk in stomachs, however pups can be fostered by wild-type females, indicating inability to produce a sufficient amount of milk to nurse pups
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