reproductive system
• diminished sperm motility
• sperm counts are normal
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• only one of eleven homozygous males was able to reproduce
• female mutant mice had no reproductive impairment
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cellular
• mitochondria in the midpiece of the mutant sperm and skeletal muscle had malformed cristae and were enlarged/swollen compared that of wild type
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• mitochondria in the midpiece of the mutant sperm and skeletal muscle are enlarged/swollen compared that of wild type
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• diminished sperm motility
• sperm counts are normal
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• ATP content, total mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and inner mitochondrial membrane polarization were all significantly reduced in sperm from mutant mice
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