mortality/aging
• TNF-treated mice exhibit increased mortality compared with similarly treated wild-type mice
• however, mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics are protected against TNF toxicity-induced lethality
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• in DDS-treated mice during the recovery phase
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homeostasis/metabolism
• TNF-treated mice exhibit hypothermia unlike similarly treated wild-type mice
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• in DDS-treated mice
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• in TNF-treated mice
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• in TNF-treated mice
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• TNF-treated mice exhibit TNF toxicity (including hypothermia, severe diarrhea, and increased mortality) at doses that are sub-lethal in wild-type mice
• however, mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics are protected against TNF toxicity-induced mortality, hypothermia, and liver damage
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• in DDS-treated mice during the recovery phase
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digestive/alimentary system
• in DDS-treated mice
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• in DDS-treated mice and more profound in the recovery phase
• in TNF-treated mice
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• TNF-treated mice exhibit increased intestinal damage with near complete loss of crypt-villus structure unlike in similarly treated wild-type mice
• antibiotic treatment does not rescue TNF-induced intestinal damage
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• DDS-treated mice exhibit increased colonic shortening compared with wild-type mice
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• DDS-treated mice exhibit more severe colitis symptoms such as rectal bleeding, diarrhea, colon shortening, colonic inflammation, mucosal damage, crypt loss, immune cell infiltration, increased IL6 serum levels, loss of body weight, increased intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, and mortality compared with wild-type mice
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growth/size/body
• in DDS-treated mice
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cardiovascular system
• in DDS-treated mice
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liver/biliary system
• in TNF-treated mice
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immune system
• DDS-treated mice exhibit more severe colitis symptoms such as rectal bleeding, diarrhea, colon shortening, colonic inflammation, mucosal damage, crypt loss, immune cell infiltration, increased IL6 serum levels, loss of body weight, increased intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, and mortality compared with wild-type mice
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• in DDS-treated mice
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• TNF-treated mice exhibit increased intestinal damage with near complete loss of crypt-villus structure unlike in similarly treated wild-type mice
• antibiotic treatment does not rescue TNF-induced intestinal damage
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cellular
• in DDS-treated mice and more profound in the recovery phase
• in TNF-treated mice
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