mortality/aging
• ES cells fail to generate mice
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• tetraploid complementation rescue results in aberrant embryos at E9.5
• no living embryos at E10.5
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embryo
• neural crest cells fail to migrate
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• reduced or absent in embryos resulting from tetraploid complementation rescue
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• severe posterior axis truncation
• caudal end mesenchyme absent
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• reduced head mesenchyme
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• open neural tube at E9.5 after tetraploid complementation rescue
• some neural tube closure at the level of the heart occasionally
• completely flat neural plate in some cases
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• frequently
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• somite abnormalities increase in a caudal direction
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• irregular and undifferentiated
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• smaller somites
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cardiovascular system
• enlarged in embryos resulting from tetraploid complementation rescue
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• heart fails to loop
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nervous system
• open neural tube at E9.5 after tetraploid complementation rescue
• some neural tube closure at the level of the heart occasionally
• completely flat neural plate in some cases
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• frequently
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craniofacial
• reduced or absent in embryos resulting from tetraploid complementation rescue
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cellular
• neural crest cells fail to migrate
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growth/size/body
• reduced head mesenchyme
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