endocrine/exocrine glands
• tubules become increasingly vacuolar
• by 7 months of age vacuolation is widespread and half of the tubules exhibit signs of degeneration
|
small testis
(
J:162655
)
• by 7 weeks of age testes are 27% smaller than controls
|
reproductive system
• 50% of sperm have severe tail angulation
|
• germ cells exhibit loss of chromatoid body integrity
|
• by 7-8 weeks seminiferous tubules contain abnormally large spermatocytes
|
• by 3 weeks of age seminiferous tubules contain fewer germ cells than controls
• apoptotic germ cells are detected beginning at 4 months of age and become abundant by 5 months of age
|
• 20% fewer sperm are recovered from 5 month old males than controls
|
• meiotic progression is delayed or arrested in prophase I
• by 5 months of age, multiple germ cells with tubules do not complete meiosis
|
• sperm exhibits decreased motility, progressive motion and hyperactivity
|
• tubules become increasingly vacuolar
• by 7 months of age vacuolation is widespread and half of the tubules exhibit signs of degeneration
|
small testis
(
J:162655
)
• by 7 weeks of age testes are 27% smaller than controls
|
• all males become infertile by 5 months of age although some become infertile as early as 3 months
|
• in-vitro fertilization (IVF) success rates decrease with the use of sperm from 2 month old males
• sperm from 5 month old males binds to ovulated eggs at much lower numbers than controls
|
cellular
• 50% of sperm have severe tail angulation
|
• germ cells exhibit loss of chromatoid body integrity
|
• by 7-8 weeks seminiferous tubules contain abnormally large spermatocytes
|
• by 3 weeks of age seminiferous tubules contain fewer germ cells than controls
• apoptotic germ cells are detected beginning at 4 months of age and become abundant by 5 months of age
|
• 20% fewer sperm are recovered from 5 month old males than controls
|
• by 5 months of age, multiple germ cells with tubules do not complete meiosis
• meiotic progression is delayed or arrested in prophase I
|
• sperm exhibits decreased motility, progressive motion and hyperactivity
|