cardiovascular system
• increased cell length
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• diastolic and systolic left ventricular volumes are increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• left ventricle stiffness and diastolic dysfunction is indicated by reduced deceleration time and increased late filling velocity compared to in wild-type mice
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muscle
• increased cell length
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• total passive tension sarcomere length in cardiac left ventricular muscle is increased compared to in wild-type mice
• however, mice exhibit normal slack gross sarcomere morphology, length and maximal active tension
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• mice exhibit increased diastolic wall stress compared with wild-type mice
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• left ventricle stiffness and diastolic dysfunction is indicated by reduced deceleration time and increased late filling velocity compared to in wild-type mice
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growth/size/body