mortality/aging
• mice exhibit adult mortality beginning at 16 months, with non surviving past 20 months
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• 28% of mice die prior to weaning, mostly in the first week after birth
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cardiovascular system
• at 5 months, mice exhibit calcification within the heart unlike wild-type mice
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• at 9 months
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• at 9 months, mice exhibit increased left ventricular internal dimensions at end-diastole compared with wild-type mice
• following pressure overload, mice exhibit a greater increase in chamber wall dimensions and cardiac impairment compared with wild-type mice
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• isoproterenol-treated mice exhibit increased left ventricle weight compared with similarly treated wild-type mice
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• at 16 months, mice exhibit decreased left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole compared with wild-type mice
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• at 9 months
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• severe at 5 months
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• beginning at 9 months
• dilated cardiomyopathy is preceded by inotropic and lusitrophic dysfunction
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• at 16 months, mice exhibit reduced fractional shortening compared with wild-type mice
• following pressure overload, mice exhibit a greater increase in chamber wall dimensions and cardiac impairment compared with wild-type mice
• dobutamine-treated mice exhibit inotropic and lusitrophic contractile dysfunction compared with similarly treated wild-type mice
• however, cardiac function is normal at 5 months
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• following pressure overload, mice exhibit a greater increase in chamber wall dimensions and cardiac impairment compared with wild-type mice
• isoproterenol-treated mice exhibit increased left ventricle weight compared with similarly treated wild-type mice
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growth/size/body
• at 9 months
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• however, mice recover normal weight by 3 months of age
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homeostasis/metabolism
• following pressure overload, mice exhibit a greater increase in chamber wall dimensions and cardiac impairment compared with wild-type mice
• isoproterenol-treated mice exhibit increased left ventricle weight compared with similarly treated wild-type mice
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muscle
• beginning at 9 months
• dilated cardiomyopathy is preceded by inotropic and lusitrophic dysfunction
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• at 16 months, mice exhibit reduced fractional shortening compared with wild-type mice
• following pressure overload, mice exhibit a greater increase in chamber wall dimensions and cardiac impairment compared with wild-type mice
• dobutamine-treated mice exhibit inotropic and lusitrophic contractile dysfunction compared with similarly treated wild-type mice
• however, cardiac function is normal at 5 months
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• cardiac muscles exhibit wider and disorganized Z lines compared to in wild-type mice
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