behavior/neurological
• mice challenged with an injection of caffeine exhibit dyskinetic attacks about 10-15 minutes after treatment that persists for 2 hours compared to moderate hyperlocomotion during the first hour in wild-type controls
• mice challenged with an injection of ethanol exhibit dyskinetic attacks beginning 10 minutes after injection and lasting 2-4 hours, and show severe axial stiffness, with some abnormal movements of the limbs
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• mice exhibit dyskinesia after stress such as prolonged handling, that includes oral-facial movements such as tongue protrusions and stereotypic movements such as repetitive sniffing and rearing in one location
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homeostasis/metabolism
• while dopamine levels in the striatum are normal at rest, after injection of caffeine, mutants exhibit higher levels of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), higher DOPAC/dopamine ratios, and higher levels of the terminal metabolite of dopamine, homovanillic acid, than wild-type mice
• however, mutants exhibit normal levels of serotonin and its metabolized product following stimulation with caffeine
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• extracellular concentration of dopamine is less than 40% of that of controls under basal conditions, indicating lower striatal dopamine release at rest
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nervous system
• mutants exhibit deficits in nigrostriatal neurotransmission characterized by low levels of dopamine release, enhanced dopamine reuptake, and increase of dopamine release in response to caffeine and ethanol
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• mutants exhibit lower striatal dopamine release at rest, but an increase in percentage of striatal dopamine release in response to challenges with caffeine or stress
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Mouse Models of Human Disease |
DO ID | OMIM ID(s) | Ref(s) | |
paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia 1 | DOID:0090049 |
OMIM:118800 |
J:192798 |