embryo
• mutant ESCs differentiated into embryoid bodies (EBs) show a significant reduction in the expression of both primitive and definitive endoderm markers, suggesting disruption of endoderm differentiation
• in addition to a decrease in spontaneous beating and expression of cardiac markers, mutant ESC-derived cardiomyocytes show significantly reduced primitive and definitive endodermal markers relative to wild-type cells, although mesoderm markers are increased
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• mutant ESCs differentiated into EBs exhibit a significant increase in the expression of mesodermal markers
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• despite increased expression of mesodermal markers, mutant ESCs show a severe defect in cardiomyocyte differentiation, with only 2-5% EBs showing rhythmic beating along with a significant decrease in the expression of cardiac and endoderm markers relative to wild-type cells
• spontaneous beating and expression of cardiac and endoderm markers can be rescued by addition of conditioned medium from extraembryonic endodermal (XEN) stem cells, indicating that mesodermal and post-mesodermal potential of these cells is normal
• mutant ESCs show normal in vitro differentiation into neuronal progenitors (an ectodermal lineage)
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• in vitro, mutant ESCs differentiated into embryoid bodies (EBs) fail to cavitate, unlike wild-type EBs
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