mortality/aging
• in 19 of 56 cases when birthing null mice
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• secondary to delayed delivery when born to homozygous dams
• null mice transplanted into wild-type dams exhibit delayed delivery and are born dead
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• some mice die between birth and weaning
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embryo
• the spongiotrophoblast layer is larger and invades into the labyrinth layer unlike in wild-type mice
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• at E12.5
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• at late gestation
• 2.2-fold heavier at E18.5
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reproductive system
• null mice transplanted into wild-type dams exhibit delayed delivery and are born dead
• particularly when birthing null mice
• however, mice exhibit normal progesterone withdrawal and estrogen drive
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