endocrine/exocrine glands
• at E12.5 branching structures fail to form, although pancreatic fate is normally specified
• at E12.5 but not at E11.5 proliferation is decreased mainly due to a decrease in proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells
• epithelial cells fail to remodel and instead remain stratified with cuboidal shape and disorderly arrangement possibly due to a defect in actomyosin cytoskeletal organization
• both endocrine and exocrine cells similarly affected
• at E16.5 ducts and acini appear as malformed large cellular aggregates
• cultured explants fail to form tubular aggregates under conditions where wild-type explants form aggregates; however, in the presence of C3 ribosyltransferase mutant explants will form tubular aggregates
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growth/size/body
homeostasis/metabolism
• show a slower and delayed return to basal levels after glucose challenge
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