behavior/neurological
• mice show improved performance on the fixed and accelerating rotarod at 8 to 12 months of age, but not at 3 months, with an increase in latency to fall at fixed speed and falling off the accelerating rod at a higher speed than controls
• mice show improved motor coordination, making fewer errors when crossing a notched bar
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• mice show decreased grip force immediately prior to releasing its grasp
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• mice show a slight increase in the distance traveled in the open field during the last 15 minutes of a 30 minute session, indicating a slight hyperactivity
• however, mice are able to run a similar distance as wild-type mice on a treadmill
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cellular
• increase in mitochondrial DNA content in muscles
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• increase in oxidative state and capacity of muscle
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• tibialis anterioris muscle shows an increase in succinate dehydrogenase-stained fibers, indicating increased mitochondrial activity
• 26% decrease in mitochondrial ROS production under basal respiration with succinate due to a decrease of pH across the mitochondrial inner membrane
however, no change is seen in membrane electrical potential
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growth/size/body
• adults weight about 10% less than wild-type mice, however weight at birth is normal
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muscle
• skeletal muscle shows areas with increased mitochondrial mass present between adjacent fibers and a few degenerative mitochondria
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• increase in the proportion of type I slow-twitch myofibers in the soleus
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• tibialis anterioris muscle shows an increase in succinate dehydrogenase-stained fibers, indicating increased mitochondrial activity, but no change in the percentage of slow-twitch oxidative type I myofibers
• soleus muscle shows an increase in the number of oxidative fibers
• increase in oxidative state and capacity of muscle
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