mortality/aging
• increase morbidity and mortality by 5 months
• 7 months median survival age
• male mice have a median survival age of 8 months while this is only 6 months for female mice
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respiratory system
• free erythrocytes in alveoli and hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart failure cells) within alveolar spaces (at 6 months of age
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growth/size/body
• in nearly all mice examined
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• at 3 months of age
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• in the majority of mice examined
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immune system
• indicated by expression analysis
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homeostasis/metabolism
• characterized by lamellation of fibrin and inflammatory cells, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularization
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• isolated cardiomyocytes fail to show a sustained increase in intracellular calcium following exposure to low concentrations of caffeine
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muscle
• about a 140% increase in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area at 3 months of age
• adrenalectomy at 2 months of age does not reduce the increase in cardiomyocyte size seen at 6 months of age
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• variable decrease in ejection fraction and increase in the left ventricular end-systolic dimension at 3 months of age
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cardiovascular system
N |
• despite cardiac remodeling and reduced heart function, no electrocardiogram abnormalities are detected in mice at 3 - 6 months of age
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• about a 140% increase in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area at 3 months of age
• adrenalectomy at 2 months of age does not reduce the increase in cardiomyocyte size seen at 6 months of age
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• in nearly all mice examined
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• at 3 months of age
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• at 3 months of age
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• marked
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• at 3 months
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• associated with atrial thrombosis
• NORMAL: not detected in the ventricular wall at 3 months of age
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• atrial thrombosis is consistent with atrial blood stasis
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• variable decrease in ejection fraction and increase in the left ventricular end-systolic dimension at 3 months of age
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• no abnormality in 1 month-old mice but byat 3 months, but not at 1 month, mutant mice displays spontaneous LV left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
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• isolated cardiomyocytes fail to show a sustained increase in intracellular calcium following exposure to low concentrations of caffeine
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• associated with atrial thrombosis
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• indicated by expression analysis
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