mortality/aging
N |
• normal preweaning mortality rate comparing to wild-type
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cellular
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• motility is normal at 6 months of age but total motility is reducedby 15% comparing to wild-type in 12 month old animals
• reduced motility is not associated with loss of cell viability
• progressive motility decreases by 30% at 18 months and 50% at 24 months of age comparing to wild-type controls
• only 10% of spermatozoa from 24 month old animals display forward, progressive motility
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• increase in DNA damage in spermatozoa at both 12 and 18 months of age
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• increased 4HNE adducts in spermatozoa from two-year old animals
• spermatozoa at 18 months of age display high levels of reactive oxygen species
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reproductive system
N |
• normal pregnancy rates, average number of pups per litter, and male-to-female pups ratio
• normal sperm count, morphology, and mitochondrial membrane potential at 18 and 24 months old animals
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• spermatozoa at 18 months of age display high levels of reactive oxygen species
• however, no change in mitochondrial membrane potential is detectedin sperm from mice at 12 to 18 months of age
• levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage are increased in spermatozoa at 2 years and 6, 12, and 18 months of age, respectively
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• motility is normal at 6 months of age but total motility is reducedby 15% comparing to wild-type in 12 month old animals
• reduced motility is not associated with loss of cell viability
• progressive motility decreases by 30% at 18 months and 50% at 24 months of age comparing to wild-type controls
• only 10% of spermatozoa from 24 month old animals display forward, progressive motility
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endocrine/exocrine glands
N |
• testes and caudal epididymal tissue sections show no abnormality comparing to wild-type
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homeostasis/metabolism