behavior/neurological
N |
• mice exhibit normal performance in fear conditioning tests and saccharin preference
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• following systemic nicotine administration, mice fail to exhibit slowed down nose-poke reaction and enhanced adaptation unlike control mice
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• absence of habituation upon repeated exposure to a new environment
• however, exploration of a new environment is normal
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• in a corner avoidance test
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• poor spatial memory in a Morris water maze
• tendency to working memory deficits in a radial arm maze
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• modest in an open field test (reduced time in center area) and an elevated plus maze (reduced time in open arms)
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• premature response in a 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT)
• in a T maze, mice exhibit devalued reward by delay and effort compared with control mice
• in a saccharin preference test, mice exhibit poorly controlled response to reward compared with control mice
• however, erroneous nose-pokes are normal indicating unaltered spatial attention
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• tendency during the early night period in the home cage
• visit hyperactivity in free, nose-poke and drinking adaptation tests
• however, exploration of a new environment is normal
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nervous system
• reduced acetylcholine concentration in interpeduncular nucleus
• reduced interpeduncular nucleus volume not due to cell loss
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• mice exhibit reduced number of neurons, specifically substance P-nergic and cholinergic cells, in the habenular complex medial and lateral nuclei compared with control mice
• reduced transverse area of fasciculus retroflux
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• mice exhibit reduced number of neurons, specifically substance P-nergic and cholinergic cells, in the habenular complex medial and lateral nuclei compared with control mice
• reduced acetylcholine concentration in interpeduncular nucleus
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• mice exhibit reduced number of neurons, specifically substance P-nergic and cholinergic cells, in the habenular complex medial and lateral nuclei compared with control mice
• however, the number of neurons in the paraventricular and reuniens thalamic nuclei is normal
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