embryo
• marker analysis indicates disruption of adherens junctions in neuroepithelial cells at E13.5
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nervous system
• adherens junctions between radial glial cells are disrupted
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• increase in the proliferation of and in the number of Pax6+ radial glial cells at E13.5
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• marker analysis indicates disruption of adherens junctions in neuroepithelial cells at E13.5
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• accumulations of neurons at the surface of the ventricle and below the intermediate zone in which they form rosette-like structures at E16.5
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• at E16.5
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• structure of the ventricular zone is disorganized
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• brain is larger at P25
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• hippocampal structure is less well organized
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• mice exhibit subcortical band heterotopia, also known as double cortex, a malformation in which heterotopic gray matter is interposed between zones of white matter
• the cortex contains a thin layer of cells near the meninges and a disorganized mass of cells heterotopically localized deeper within the cortex
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• severe disorganization of the neocortex at P15
• the thickness of the developing neocortex is increased at E13.5 and the ventricular surface is disrupted and irregular
• the neocortex is severely disorganized and hyperplastic at E16.5
• proliferating cells (Pax6+ RGCs and Tbr2+ intermediate progenitors) are broadly distributed throughout the entire thickness of the nascent neocortex at E13.5 and E16.5 compared to being confined to ventricular zone (VZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) of controls
• at E13.5, Tuj1+ neurons are distributed irregularly with some of them occupying positions within the VZ and SVZ
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• at P15, the neocortex is increased in size
• the thickness of the developing neocortex is increased at E13.5
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• some subtypes of cortical projection neurons are generated but their assembly into neocortical cell layers is perturbed
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• massive perturbations in axonal tracts
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• proliferation of cortical progenitor cells is increased, with the number of Ki67+ cells increased at E13.5 by about 50% in the neocortex, with an approximately equal increase in the number of Pax6+ radial glial cells and Tbr2+ intermediate progenitors
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• the cortex contains a disorganized mass of cells heterotopically localized deeper within the cortex
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cellular
• cell cycle regulation of cortical progenitor cells is altered in embryos
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• adherens junctions between radial glial cells are disrupted
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• increase in the proliferation of and in the number of Pax6+ radial glial cells at E13.5
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