All Phenotypes Kiss1r<tm1.1Hjn> MGI Mouse

oligozoospermia ( J:212351 )

• males display decreased numbers of sperm in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis

• females exhibit disrupted oogenesis, with the presence of primary follicles, preantral follicles, and antral follicles but no evidence of corpora lutea

abnormal anogenital distance ( J:212351 )

• males exhibit a decreased anogenital distance relative to controls

absent corpus luteum ( J:212351 )

• females show no evidence of corpora lutea formation

absent mature ovarian follicles ( J:212351 )

• females do not contain follicles past the antral stage

small ovary ( J:212351 )

decreased ovary weight ( J:212351 )

• females show a ~70% reduction in ovarian weight relative to controls

decreased testis weight ( J:212351 )

• males show a ~70% reduction in testis weight relative to controls

small penis ( J:212351 )

• males exhibit microphallus

small uterus ( J:212351 )

• females display a decrease in uterine size relative to controls

absent sexual maturation ( J:212351 )

• 80% of males fail to exhibit preputial gland separation, unlike control males

delayed sexual maturation ( J:212351 )

• pubertal onset is delayed in both sexes

• however, no differences in body weight are observed relative to controls

delayed vaginal opening ( J:212351 )

• in females, vaginal opening is significantly delayed by ~9 days relative controls

• however, no external anatomic abnormalities are observed

delayed balanopreputial separation ( J:212351 )

• 20% of males show a delay of 7 to 11 days in preputial separation relative to controls

abnormal estrous cycle ( J:212351 )

• females display an extensively abnormal pattern of estrous cyclicity relative to controls

• females were found in metestrus/diestrus 83% of the time, with occasional evidence of proestrus (4%)

• 1 of 6 females was found in proestrus 67% of the time

female infertility ( J:212351 )

male infertility ( J:212351 )

abnormal follicle stimulating hormone level ( J:212351 )

• ovariectomized females fail to exhibit a significant increase in serum FSH levels relative to intact females, unlike similarly-treated female controls

decreased circulating follicle stimulating hormone level ( J:212351 )

• basal serum FSH levels are significantly lower in both sexes relative to controls

abnormal luteinizing hormone level ( J:212351 , J:212351 )

	• following exogenous kisspeptin stimulation, serum LH values remain unchanged in both sexes, unlike in similarly-treated controls (J:212351)
	• although gonadotroph function is preserved in both sexes, females, but not males, show a 2-fold increase in GnRH-induced LH serum levels relative to similarly-treated female controls (J:212351) • ovariectomized females fail to exhibit an increase in serum LH levels relative to intact females, unlike similarly-treated female controls (J:212351)

decreased circulating luteinizing hormone level ( J:212351 )

• basal serum LH values are significantly lower in both sexes relative to controls