growth/size/body
• at 1 month of age, homozygotes are visibly smaller than wild-type controls
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• at ~P20, both female and male homozygotes exhibit lower weights than wild-type controls; this trend is continued and increased up to P40
• extended growth curve analysis between 1 and 26 weeks of age revealed that homozygotes continue to lag behind in weight later in life, with final weights being significantly lower than those of wild-type controls
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• female homozygotes begin to gain less weight than controls at ~3 weeks of age, with the data being statistically significant at P26
• male homozygotes exhibit significantly less weight gain than controls from P21
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• at 1 month of age, homozygotes display shorter body lengths than wild-type controls
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• at 1 month of age, both female and male homozygotes exhibit diminished growth rates relative to wild-type controls
• extended growth curve analysis between 1 and 21 weeks of age revealed that homozygotes are smaller than wild-type controls and this difference in size is maintained throughout their lifetimes
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behavior/neurological
• in a surface righting assay, neonatal (P5) homozygotes take over twice as long to assume the normal upright position with all four paws on the ground as wild-type controls
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• at 6 months of age, homozygotes show no difference in grip strength relative to wild-type controls, when normalized for body weight; however, because of their smaller size, homozygotes are not as strong on an absolute scale
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muscle
• at P5, homozygotes display neonatal hypotonia, as determined by a surface righting assay
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