Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• chow-fed mice exhibit a slight but significant reduction in lean mass relative to controls
• however, mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks show no differences in lean mass relative to HFD-fed controls
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• chow-fed mice exhibit comparable insulin and glucose tolerance and blood concentrations of glucose and insulin relative to chow-fed controls
• HFD-fed mice show comparable diet-induced obesity with no differences in blood glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) levels relative to HFD-fed controls
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• upon LPS stimulation, chow-fed mice show significantly reduced blood M1-associated cytokine levels relative to chow-fed control mice
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• upon LPS stimulation, chow-fed mice show significantly reduced blood M1-associated chemokine levels relative to chow-fed control mice
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• hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that mice fed either a regular chow or a HFD show a significantly enhanced steady-state glucose infusion rate, clamp hepatic glucose production, and insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose turnover relative to similarly-fed control mice
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• HFD-fed mice show a significant increase in glucose-induced insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo relative to HFD-fed controls
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• mice are protected from HFD-induced hyperglycemia, unlike HFD-fed controls
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• mice are protected from HFD-induced hyperinsulinemia, unlike HFD-fed controls
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• HFD-fed mice show significantly reduced gluconeogenesis relative to HFD-fed controls
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• HFD-fed mice show improved glucose tolerance relative to HFD-fed controls
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• hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that mice fed either a regular chow or a HFD show a significantly enhanced whole-body glycogen plus lipid synthesis relative to similarly-fed control mice
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• HFD-fed mice show improved insulin tolerance relative to HFD-fed controls
• hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that increased whole-body insulin sensitivity is due to significant improvements in glucose infusion rates, hepatic insulin action, clamp hepatic glucose production, insulin-stimulated whole body glucose turnover, and whole-body glycogen plus lipid synthesis relative to control mice
• after overnight fasting, HFD-fed mice fail to suppress insulin-stimulated Akt activation in the liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, unlike similarly treated HFD-fed control mice
• protection of HFD-fed mice against insulin resistance is associated with reduced tissue infiltration by macrophages
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• hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that mice fed either a regular chow or a HFD show a significantly enhanced whole-body glycogen plus lipid synthesis relative to similarly-fed control mice
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• HFD-fed mice show significantly reduced chemokine expression relative to HFD-fed controls
• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) show decreased expression of chemokine (Ccl2 and Ccl5) genes relative to control BMDMs
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• HFD-fed mice show a significant reduction in pancreatic beta cell proliferation relative to HFD-fed controls
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• HFD-fed mice show a significant reduction in pancreatic islet area relative to HFD-fed controls
• however, chow-fed mice show no differences in islet area relative to chow-fed controls
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• HFD-fed mice show a significant increase in glucose-induced insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo relative to HFD-fed controls
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immune system
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• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) show reduced M1 differentiation and expression of the cell surface marker CD11c relative to control BMDMs
• however, M2 differentiation appears unaffected
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• HFD-fed mice show a significant decrease in the total number of F4/80+ adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and reduced accumulation of M1-polarized (F4/80+CD11c+CD206-) ATMs in adipose tissue relative to HFD-fed controls
• HFD-fed mice also show decreased accumulation of M1 tissue macrophages in the liver relative to HFD-fed controls
• HFD-fed mice show no significant difference in the accumulation of M2-polarized ATMs (F4/80+CD11c-CD206+) relative to HFD-fed controls
• chow-fed mice show no differences in total, M1- or M2-polarized ATM number relative to chow-fed controls
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• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) show decreased expression of M1 marker genes (Ccr7 and Cd11c), chemokines (Ccl2 and Ccl5), and cytokine genes (Il1beta, Il6, and Tnf) relative to control BMDMs
• similar defects are detected in LPS-stimulated macrophages
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• HFD-fed mice show significantly reduced accumulation of M1-polarized (F4/80+CD11c+CD206-) ATMs in adipose tissue relative to HFD-fed controls
• HFD-fed mice show decreased accumulation of M1 tissue macrophages in the liver relative to HFD-fed controls
• however, HFD-fed mice show no significant difference in the accumulation of M2-polarized ATMs (F4/80+CD11c-CD206+) relative to HFD-fed controls
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• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated BMDMs show decreased expression of cytokine genes (Il1beta, Il6, and Tnf) relative to control BMDMs
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• upon LPS stimulation, chow-fed mice show significantly reduced blood M1-associated cytokine levels relative to chow-fed control mice
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• upon LPS stimulation, chow-fed mice show significantly reduced blood M1-associated chemokine levels relative to chow-fed control mice
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• HFD-fed mice show significantly reduced chemokine expression relative to HFD-fed controls
• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) show decreased expression of chemokine (Ccl2 and Ccl5) genes relative to control BMDMs
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• HFD-fed mice show significantly reduced hepatic inflammation relative to HFD-fed controls
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hematopoietic system
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• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) show reduced M1 differentiation and expression of the cell surface marker CD11c relative to control BMDMs
• however, M2 differentiation appears unaffected
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• HFD-fed mice show a significant decrease in the total number of F4/80+ adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and reduced accumulation of M1-polarized (F4/80+CD11c+CD206-) ATMs in adipose tissue relative to HFD-fed controls
• HFD-fed mice also show decreased accumulation of M1 tissue macrophages in the liver relative to HFD-fed controls
• HFD-fed mice show no significant difference in the accumulation of M2-polarized ATMs (F4/80+CD11c-CD206+) relative to HFD-fed controls
• chow-fed mice show no differences in total, M1- or M2-polarized ATM number relative to chow-fed controls
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• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) show decreased expression of M1 marker genes (Ccr7 and Cd11c), chemokines (Ccl2 and Ccl5), and cytokine genes (Il1beta, Il6, and Tnf) relative to control BMDMs
• similar defects are detected in LPS-stimulated macrophages
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• HFD-fed mice show significantly reduced accumulation of M1-polarized (F4/80+CD11c+CD206-) ATMs in adipose tissue relative to HFD-fed controls
• HFD-fed mice show decreased accumulation of M1 tissue macrophages in the liver relative to HFD-fed controls
• however, HFD-fed mice show no significant difference in the accumulation of M2-polarized ATMs (F4/80+CD11c-CD206+) relative to HFD-fed controls
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• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated BMDMs show decreased expression of cytokine genes (Il1beta, Il6, and Tnf) relative to control BMDMs
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cellular
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• upon IFN-gamma stimulation, isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) show reduced M1 differentiation and expression of the cell surface marker CD11c relative to control BMDMs
• however, M2 differentiation appears unaffected
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• HFD-fed mice show significantly reduced accumulation of M1-polarized (F4/80+CD11c+CD206-) ATMs in adipose tissue relative to HFD-fed controls
• HFD-fed mice show decreased accumulation of M1 tissue macrophages in the liver relative to HFD-fed controls
• however, HFD-fed mice show no significant difference in the accumulation of M2-polarized ATMs (F4/80+CD11c-CD206+) relative to HFD-fed controls
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• HFD-fed mice show a significant reduction in pancreatic beta cell proliferation relative to HFD-fed controls
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