mortality/aging
• homozygotes die between E18.5 and shortly after birth
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growth/size/body
• microcomputed tomography revealed that fetuses are smaller than normal at E18.5; however, the 34% reduction in embryo volume is not significant
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cardiovascular system
• ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are detected in 80% of mutant hearts (3 of 3 hearts at E14.5 and 1 of 2 hearts at E18.5) relative to 0.67% in wild-type hearts
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