reproductive system
N |
• homozygotes of both sexes are fertile in unrestricted mating trials
• sexually mature males show normal testis and epididymis weight and histology as well as normal sperm morphology, indicating normal spermatogenesis
• in vitro fertilization assays revealed normal fertilization rates between wild-type and mutant sperm
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• visual analysis of swim out drops during isolation of mutant corpus sperm showed decreased cloudiness relative to wild-type controls, indicating slower or delayed release of sperm from the epididymis
• analysis of sperm velocities shortly after release (~1 min) from the corpus revealed that straight line velocity (VSL) of mutant sperm is significantly lower than in wild-type sperm
• however, no differences are detected by computer-assisted sperm analysis 10-90 min after sperm isolation from the corpus or cauda, indicating that impairment in corpus sperm motility is transient and normalizes within 10 min after release of sperm from the epididymis
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• mutant caudal sperm display decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) substrates upon capacitation
• in contrast, levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins are normal
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cellular
• visual analysis of swim out drops during isolation of mutant corpus sperm showed decreased cloudiness relative to wild-type controls, indicating slower or delayed release of sperm from the epididymis
• analysis of sperm velocities shortly after release (~1 min) from the corpus revealed that straight line velocity (VSL) of mutant sperm is significantly lower than in wild-type sperm
• however, no differences are detected by computer-assisted sperm analysis 10-90 min after sperm isolation from the corpus or cauda, indicating that impairment in corpus sperm motility is transient and normalizes within 10 min after release of sperm from the epididymis
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