Analysis Tools
cardiovascular system
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• a heart tube-like structure is not found until E10.5
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cellular
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• at E7.5, homozygous mutant embryos exhibit significantly increased apoptotic cell death, as shown by TUNEL staining
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• at E7.5, homozygous mutant embryos exhibit reduced cell proliferation, as shown by EdU staining
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embryo
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• homozygotes fail to develop beyond the head-fold stage (E8.5)
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• homozygotes display severe growth retardation relative to wild-type controls
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• at E7.5, mutant embryos are smaller than wild-type
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• no somite structures are visible before E9.5
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• no amnion is observed at E7.5, although an early primitive streak with mesodermal cells is detectable between the epiblast and extraembryonic endoderm
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• although gastrulation is initiated, the mesoderm is delayed in migrating into the extraembryonic region to form the beginning of the amnion
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• although an allantoic bud is formed at E8.5, the allantois is loosely attached to the chorion at E9.5 and at later stages as compared
to wild-type controls
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growth/size/body
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• homozygotes display severe growth retardation relative to wild-type controls
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• at E7.5, mutant embryos are smaller than wild-type
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mortality/aging
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• although homozygotes are detected at the expected Mendelian frequency at E7.5, only resorbed debris and necrotic tissue are found by E11.5, indicating that homozygotes die at around E10.5
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