Analysis Tools
endocrine/exocrine glands
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• mammary glands from 4-week-old virgin mice display ductal elongation defects, as determined by the % of fat pad filled relative to control mice
• although ductal elongation is largely restored by 8 weeks of age, complex branching of the ducts is still lacking
• treatment with exogenous beta-estradiol at proestrus and estrus rescues the ductal elongation defects
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• mammary glands from 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the % of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha expressing (ERalpha+) and progesterone receptor expressing (PR+) luminal cells relative to those in control mice
• a significantly increased % of ERalpha+ ductal cells is found in the luminal progenitor subset (CD29loCD24+CD49b+) but not in the mature luminal subset (CD29loCD24+CD49b-)
• % of Foxa1 (forkhead box A1) expressing (FoxA1+) cells is significantly increased in the luminal progenitor subset relative to that in control mice
• expression of Ly6a (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A), an antigen linked to ER and PR expression, is also significantly increased in luminal progenitor cells
• treatment with exogenous beta-estradiol has no significant effect on the % of ERalpha+ ductal cells
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• mammary glands from 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the % of ERalpha+ cells in the mammary stem (MaSC)/basal cell population (CD29hiCD24+) which normally lacks estrogen receptor (Esr1, ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (Pgr, PR) expression
• Foxa1 mRNA and protein levels are dramatically increased in MaSC/basal cells relative to those in control mice
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• at estrus, mice display abnormally-shaped nodular ovaries that contain many large follicles in a loosely connected medulla
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in maturing follicle numbers, consistent with an increase in Fshr (follicle stimulating hormone receptor) mRNA levels
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the number of secondary ovarian follicles per ovary relative to control mice
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the number of antral ovarian follicles per ovary relative to control mice
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the number of atretic (degenerating) ovarian follicles
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the number of secondary, antral and atretic (degenerating) ovarian follicles
• however, the total number of follicles per ovary is similar to that in control mice
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• at estrus, the ovarian medulla appears loosely connected
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reproductive system
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• at estrus, mice display abnormally-shaped nodular ovaries that contain many large follicles in a loosely connected medulla
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in maturing follicle numbers, consistent with an increase in Fshr (follicle stimulating hormone receptor) mRNA levels
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the number of secondary ovarian follicles per ovary relative to control mice
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the number of antral ovarian follicles per ovary relative to control mice
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the number of atretic (degenerating) ovarian follicles
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• 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the number of secondary, antral and atretic (degenerating) ovarian follicles
• however, the total number of follicles per ovary is similar to that in control mice
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• at estrus, the ovarian medulla appears loosely connected
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• 6-week-old mice staged at either estrus or proestrus show a significant reduction in uterus wet weight relative to control mice
• treatment with exogenous beta-estradiol restores uterus wet weight to control values
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• 6-week-old mice staged at either estrus or proestrus show a significant reduction in uterus wet weight relative to control mice, indicating reduced levels of circulating estrogen
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• ovaries from 6-week-old virgin mice exhibit a significant reduction in the expression of key estradiol biosynthesis enzymes relative to control ovaries
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integument
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• mammary glands from 4-week-old virgin mice display ductal elongation defects, as determined by the % of fat pad filled relative to control mice
• although ductal elongation is largely restored by 8 weeks of age, complex branching of the ducts is still lacking
• treatment with exogenous beta-estradiol at proestrus and estrus rescues the ductal elongation defects
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• mammary glands from 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the % of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha expressing (ERalpha+) and progesterone receptor expressing (PR+) luminal cells relative to those in control mice
• a significantly increased % of ERalpha+ ductal cells is found in the luminal progenitor subset (CD29loCD24+CD49b+) but not in the mature luminal subset (CD29loCD24+CD49b-)
• % of Foxa1 (forkhead box A1) expressing (FoxA1+) cells is significantly increased in the luminal progenitor subset relative to that in control mice
• expression of Ly6a (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A), an antigen linked to ER and PR expression, is also significantly increased in luminal progenitor cells
• treatment with exogenous beta-estradiol has no significant effect on the % of ERalpha+ ductal cells
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• mammary glands from 6-week-old virgin mice show a significant increase in the % of ERalpha+ cells in the mammary stem (MaSC)/basal cell population (CD29hiCD24+) which normally lacks estrogen receptor (Esr1, ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (Pgr, PR) expression
• Foxa1 mRNA and protein levels are dramatically increased in MaSC/basal cells relative to those in control mice
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