reproductive system
• at 8 weeks of age, the number of ACRV1+ germ cells (spermatids and spermatozoa) per tubule is significantly lower than that in control testes; the protein level of acrosin (an acrosome marker) is reduced
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• at 8 weeks of age, testis weight-to-body weight ratio is significantly lower than that in control males
• however, body weight is normal
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• at 8 weeks of age, seminiferous tubules show obvious spermatogenic defects and a lower Johnsen's score, similar to Lancl1tm1.1Pfw homozygous males
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• at 8 weeks of age, caudal epididymal sperm concentration is significantly lower than that in control males
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• spermatozoa exhibit significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating oxidative stress
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• at 8 weeks of age, sperm forward motility (%) is significantly lower than that in control males
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• at 8 weeks of age, sperm motility (%) is significantly lower than that in control males
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cellular
• at 8 weeks of age, the number of ACRV1+ germ cells (spermatids and spermatozoa) per tubule is significantly lower than that in control testes; the protein level of acrosin (an acrosome marker) is reduced
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• at 8 weeks of age, caudal epididymal sperm concentration is significantly lower than that in control males
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• at 8 weeks of age, sperm forward motility (%) is significantly lower than that in control males
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• at 8 weeks of age, sperm motility (%) is significantly lower than that in control males
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• spermatozoa exhibit significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating oxidative stress
• at 8 weeks of age, testes show an increased number of gammaH2AX+ cells in the seminiferous tubules and increased protein levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and BAX, indicating oxidative damage in maturing male germ cells
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• at 8 weeks of age, testis weight-to-body weight ratio is significantly lower than that in control males
• however, body weight is normal
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