mortality/aging
• mice are stillborn
|
embryo
N |
• placenta organization is grossly normal
|
• exaggerated curvature
• however, supplementation with choline improves caudal body axis size
|
spina bifida
(
J:223063
)
• visible as early as E11.5
• evident at E16.5 without full penetrance
• open spina bifida in 9 of 13 pups
• treatment with oral nicotine increases spina bifida incidence and severity
• however, supplementation with folic acid and choline reduces frequency of occurrence
|
craniofacial
• rare and restricted to the mandible
|
macrodontia
(
J:223063
)
• enlarged teeth at E16.5
|
growth/size/body
macrodontia
(
J:223063
)
• enlarged teeth at E16.5
|
• with peritoneal membrane enclosing the extruded liver and intestine at E16.5
|
omphalocele
(
J:223063
)
• evident at E16.5 without full penetrance
• protrusion of abdominal organs (liver and intestines) suggestive of an omphalocele
|
• at E16.5
|
limbs/digits/tail
• abnormal proportioned limbs in stillborn mice
|
• tail defects are not improved by folic acid supplementation
• however, supplementation with choline improves tail bud defects
• reminiscent of Grhl3ct
• reverted tail tip
|
nervous system
spina bifida
(
J:223063
)
• visible as early as E11.5
• evident at E16.5 without full penetrance
• open spina bifida in 9 of 13 pups
• treatment with oral nicotine increases spina bifida incidence and severity
• however, supplementation with folic acid and choline reduces frequency of occurrence
|
• extruded dorsal root ganglia at E16.5
|
vision/eye
• absence or disorganized at E16.5
|
behavior/neurological
• in stillborn mice
|
digestive/alimentary system
• at E16.5
|
endocrine/exocrine glands
• at E16.5
|
hematopoietic system
liver/biliary system
• at E16.5
|
pigmentation
• absence or disorganized at E16.5
|
skeleton
macrodontia
(
J:223063
)
• enlarged teeth at E16.5
|
• abnormal proportioned limbs in stillborn mice
|