embryo
• irregular boundary between the spongiotrophoblast and labyrinth layers at E12.5
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• trophoblast layers appear thicker at E10.5
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• expression analysis indicates abnormalities in trophoblast giant cells
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• decreased spongiotrophoblast to glycogen trophoblast cell ratio at E12.5 - E15.5
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• decreased number of spongiotrophoblast cells but normal number of glycogen trophoblast cells
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