Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• male homozygotes show a significantly lower body weight than wild-type controls at P40, but not at P60
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• prepubertal male homozygotes exhibit reduced body weight gain up to P40
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reproductive system
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• homozygotes of both genders are fertile, although they display delayed breeding patterns
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• at P40, mutant seminiferous tubules contain germ cells with irregularly arranged nuclei, not seen in wild-type tubules
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• apoptotic bodies are prominent within mutant seminiferous tubules at P40, unlike in wild-type tubules
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• at P40, mutant seminiferous tubules contain germ cells with irregularly arranged nuclei and fewer GATA4-positive Sertoli cells than wild-type tubules
• reduced nuclear hyperchromasia, esp. at the outer cell layers, along with aberrant cell polarity and cell shrinkage are also noted at P40
• abundant intracytoplasmic vacuoles are observed at P40 and occasionally at P60, unlike in wild-type tubules
• apoptotic bodies are prominent within mutant seminiferous tubules at P40, unlike in wild-type tubules
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• male homozygotes show a significantly lower number of GATA4-expressing Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules than wild-type males at P40, but not at P60
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small testis
(
J:226955
)
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• mutant testes are significantly smaller than wild-type testes at P40, but not at P60
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• mutant testes weigh significantly less than wild-type testes (143 mg vs 180 mg, respectively) at P40, but not at P60
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• male homozygotes show a significantly lower number of cauda epididymidis-retrieved spermatozoa per epididymis than wild-type males at P40, but not at P60
• however, no significant changes in sperm viability are noted at either P40 or P60
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• male homozygotes show a delay in pubertal onset, as measured by preputial separation
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• in male homozygotes, preputial separation is delayed by ~5-7 days (postnatal day 35 +/- 0.67) relative to wild-type males (postnatal day 28 +/- 0.82)
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• apoptotic bodies are prominent within mutant seminiferous tubules at P40, unlike in wild-type tubules
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• at P40, mutant seminiferous tubules contain germ cells with irregularly arranged nuclei and fewer GATA4-positive Sertoli cells than wild-type tubules
• reduced nuclear hyperchromasia, esp. at the outer cell layers, along with aberrant cell polarity and cell shrinkage are also noted at P40
• abundant intracytoplasmic vacuoles are observed at P40 and occasionally at P60, unlike in wild-type tubules
• apoptotic bodies are prominent within mutant seminiferous tubules at P40, unlike in wild-type tubules
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• male homozygotes show a significantly lower number of GATA4-expressing Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules than wild-type males at P40, but not at P60
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small testis
(
J:226955
)
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• mutant testes are significantly smaller than wild-type testes at P40, but not at P60
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• mutant testes weigh significantly less than wild-type testes (143 mg vs 180 mg, respectively) at P40, but not at P60
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nervous system
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• male homozygotes show a significantly lower number of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) positive neurons in the hypothalamus than wild-type controls at P40, but not at P60
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• male homozygotes show decreased hypothalamic levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone at P40
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• male homozygotes exhibit decreased serum testosterone levels at P40, but not at P60, indicating hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
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cellular
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• at P40, mutant seminiferous tubules contain germ cells with irregularly arranged nuclei, not seen in wild-type tubules
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• apoptotic bodies are prominent within mutant seminiferous tubules at P40, unlike in wild-type tubules
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