muscle
• homozygotes show improved exercise performance and enhanced Ca2+ handling in skeletal muscle relative to wild-type controls
• however, skeletal muscle weights are normal and no obvious differences in fiber-type identity or myofiber size are detected in quadriceps (fast-type), gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles (slow-type) relative to wild-type controls
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homeostasis/metabolism
• in vitro, primary myoblasts isolated from hindlimb muscles imaged using Fura-2-AM and treated with the RyR agonist 4-CMC show significantly increased SR Ca2+ levels relative to wild-type myoblasts, measured as peak Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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• when subjected to forced treadmill running to exhaustion, 8-wk-old homozygotes run ~31% longer than wild-type controls, representing a 55% increase in running distance
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