Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• females weigh significantly less than control females from P25 to P60
• males weigh significantly less than control males from P30 to P40
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reproductive system
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• males exhibit a significantly shorter anogenital distance than control littermates
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• corpora lutea number is significantly lower than in control littermates
• however, numbers of antral follicles are normal
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• ovary weight is significantly lower than in control littermates
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• testis weight is significantly lower than in control littermates
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• mice display delayed puberty and poor fertility largely due to a hypothalamic defect
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• vaginal opening is significantly delayed relative to control littermates
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• females exhibit a very low ovulation rate relative to control littermates
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• very few females complete a full estrous cycle over a 20-day period
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• first estrus occurs at a significantly later age than in control littermates
• the interval from vaginal opening to first estrus is significantly longer than in control littermates, suggesting a defect in maturation of the HPG axis
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• females spend significantly less time in proestrus than control littermates
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• mice exhibit a partial gonadotropic axis deficiency, resulting in very low fertility, due to a loss of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus
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• females exhibit very poor fertility, producing few, if any litters, over a period of 3 months
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• males are subfertile
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homeostasis/metabolism
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N |
• females exhibit normal plasma estradiol concentrations
• administration of PMSG to young mice induces a normal increase in estradiol concentration, similar to that observed in control littermates
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• males exhibit significantly lower plasma testosterone concentrations than control littermates
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• females exhibit moderately, but significantly, higher plasma LH concentrations than control littermates
• males show normal plasma LH concentrations
• gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced increase in LH concentration is normal
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nervous system
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• males show a significant decrease in the number of total GnRH-immunoreactive (GnRH-ir) neurons in the hypothalamus relative to control littermates
• in males, significant loss of GnRH-ir neurons in the OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis) is not compensated by an increase in the number of GnRH-ir neurons in the rostral or caudal regions of the hypothalamus
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• males exhibit significantly lower gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA levels in the hypothalamus than control littermates
• however, mRNA levels of other hypothalamic-releasing hormones are normal
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• corpora lutea number is significantly lower than in control littermates
• however, numbers of antral follicles are normal
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• ovary weight is significantly lower than in control littermates
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• testis weight is significantly lower than in control littermates
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behavior/neurological
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• at P30, mice show an increased number of blocks occupied in trial 1 in the Neogait Openfield system, indicating higher levels of exploratory behavior relative to control littermates
• however, this difference disappears in trial 2, suggesting a possible effect of fatigue
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digestive/alimentary system
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• males exhibit a significantly shorter anogenital distance than control littermates
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