homeostasis/metabolism
• decrease in fatty acid oxidation in primary hepatocytes
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• slight increase in blood glucose levels
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• mild increase in insulin levels
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• increase in plasma triglyceride levels
• however, triglyceride levels in the liver of regular diet or high-fat diet fed mice are normal
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• impaired glucose tolerance
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• impaired insulin tolerance
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• decrease in plasma levels of total and high-molecular weight adiponectin
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• primary adipocytes show increased lipolysis and decreased fatty acid uptake
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adipose tissue
• preadipocytes differentiate into adipocytes at a faster rate than wild-type preadipocytes
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• mice exhibit an increased population of larger white adipocytes both under normal diet and high-fat diet conditions
• however, no changes in adiposity or total fat mass are seen
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• preadipocytes show decreased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in response to insulin
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behavior/neurological
• slight decrease in food intake
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• slight increase in locomotor activity
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cellular
• preadipocytes differentiate into adipocytes at a faster rate than wild-type preadipocytes
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• preadipocytes show decreased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in response to insulin
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• reduction in glucose uptake from the muscle
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• decrease in fatty acid oxidation in primary hepatocytes
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immune system
• increase in macrophage infiltration into fat cells
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muscle
• reduction in glucose uptake from the muscle
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