Analysis Tools
adipose tissue
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• 4.5 month old males exhibit reduced adiposity
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• greater than 50% reduction in fat mass
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behavior/neurological
polyphagia
(
J:199257
)
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• mice are hyperphagic on both a chow and high-fat diet
• however fecal caloric content is similar to controls
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• total spontaneous locomotor activity is elevated, with changes in activity more pronounced in mice fed a high-fat diet
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• enlarged and expanded sebaceous glands
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growth/size/body
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• greater than 50% reduction in fat mass
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• lean mass is reduced but higher compared with body weight
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• by 8 weeks of age, males have a small but significant reduction in body weight and males continue to weigh less at 4.5 months of age
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• small, but significant, reductions in body lengths of 4.5 month old males
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• mice fed a high-fat diet beginning at 8 weeks of age do not gain significant body weight as do controls and both body weight and fat mass remain reduced after 10 weeks on the high-fat diet
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• males show a small increase in the average size of the kidney
• however, no changes in serum blood urea nitrogen or protein levels are seen
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• mice fed a high-fat diet do not exhibit an increase in corticosterone levels like wild-type mice
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• mice fed a chow-diet or a high-fat diet exhibit lower serum leptin levels
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• body temperature is lower in males than in controls during fasting
• however, core body temperature is normal
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• energy expenditure is almost doubled in mutants
• energy expenditure is increased in the absence of fur loss in 6 week old mice
• however, increase is not dependent on diet or reductions in body weight
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• mice fed a high-fat diet beginning at 8 weeks of age do not gain significant body weight as do controls and both body weight and fat mass remain reduced after 10 weeks on the high-fat diet
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• 24 hour maximum volume of oxygen levels are increased
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• mice undergoing an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test show a reduction in blood glucose levels and circulating insulin levels indicating improved glucose tolerance
• however, no difference in blood glucose levels after systemic insulin challenge
• mice fed a high-fat diet show lower blood glucose levels during a glucose tolerance test
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• total liver triglyceride content is reduced by 92%
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• resting metabolic rates are elevated
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integument
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• enlarged and expanded sebaceous glands
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• all mice show areas of fur with reduced pigmentation on both the dorsal and ventral truck regions at 4 months of age
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• localized alopecia at 8 weeks of age
• fur loss at 4 months of age is restricted to the ventral neck, interscapular, and flank regions and is maintained in aged mice
• all mice between 12 and 24 months of age have complete fur loss in the area immediately surrounding the eyes
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skin lesions
(
J:199257
)
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• 22.5% of aged mice show active or healed skin lesions in the ventral neck areas but not other areas of the body
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liver/biliary system
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• reduction in the size of cytoplasmic vacuoles in liver tissue
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• total liver triglyceride content is reduced by 92%
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• mice are protected from diet-induced hepatic steatosis
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• mice exhibit a 56% reduction in hepatic triglyceride synthesis
• however, no differences in the rate of de novo triglyceride synthesis in epididymal white adipose tissue
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muscle
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• the amount of muscle relative to body weight is increased by 37%
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• gastrocnemius muscle generates more force per muscle mass upon stimulation of the sciatic nerve indicating enhanced contractile force
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pigmentation
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• all mice show areas of fur with reduced pigmentation on both the dorsal and ventral truck regions at 4 months of age
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renal/urinary system
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• males show a small increase in the average size of the kidney
• however, no changes in serum blood urea nitrogen or protein levels are seen
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