mortality/aging
• fewer than expected homozygotes are found
• preferential loss of females compared to males
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• in culture only 51.6% of zygotes survive to the two-cell stage compared to 92.6% of controls
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reproductive system
• in a parthenogenesis assay 88.6% (63 of 71) one cell embryos fail to develop into blastocyts by 144h after hCG injection compared to 13.6% of wild-type controls
• in a parthenogenesis assay the first and the second cell cycles occur more rapidly compared to wild-type controls and embryos beyond the 2-cell stage appear fragmented
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• average litter size is 5.8 +/- 3.1 mice/litter compared to 11.1 +/- 2.2 mice/litter for wild-type controls
• many embryos die after E8.5
• impaired reproductive capacity is more severe in older and multigravida females compared to primigravida/young females
• male to female ratio in litters indicates a greater preterm loss of females
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cellular
• cell cycles in induced-parthenogenesis and naturally fertilized embryos are ahead of schedule
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• in a parthenogenesis assay 88.6% (63 of 71) one cell embryos fail to develop into blastocyts by 144h after hCG injection compared to 13.6% of wild-type controls
• in a parthenogenesis assay the first and the second cell cycles occur more rapidly compared to wild-type controls and embryos beyond the 2-cell stage appear fragmented
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