Analysis Tools
endocrine/exocrine glands
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• female homozygotes are healthy and show normal mammary gland development and milk production relative to wild-type controls
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• whereas wild-type milk contains low amounts of free amino acids targeted by LAO (Leu, Phe, Met, and Tyr), mutant milk is rich in each of these amino acids
• however, resumption of free amino acid components in mutant mother milk does not affect the growth rate of nursing pups
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• at 24 h after intra-mammary injection of S. aureus, mutant mammary glands are harder and exude a viscous fluid that is absent from the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
• severely infected mutant mammary glands show numerous neutrophil infiltrations, a disorganized alveolar structure, and a dramatic increase in IL-1beta and IL-8 expression, not observed in the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• at 24 h after intra-mammary injection of S. aureus, severely infected mutant mammary glands show a dramatic increase in IL-1beta and IL-8 expression, not observed in the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
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• when specific L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) activity is assayed by monitoring H2O2 production in the presence of L-leucine (a classical substrate of LAO), no H2O2 production is observed in mutant milk regardless of amino acid concentration
• whereas wild-type milk inhibits growth of both gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria and other pathogens on solid media, no antibacterial activity is detected in mutant milk
• in vitro, addition of catalase (which decomposes H2O2 to water and oxygen) reduces the antibacterial activity in wild-type milk to the same level as in mutant milk, as determined by the number of viable S. aureus colonies
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immune system
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• at 24 h after intra-mammary injection of S. aureus, mutant mammary glands are harder and exude a viscous fluid that is absent from the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
• severely infected mutant mammary glands show numerous neutrophil infiltrations, a disorganized alveolar structure, and a dramatic increase in IL-1beta and IL-8 expression, not observed in the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
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• at 24 h after intra-mammary injection of S. aureus, severely infected mutant mammary glands show a dramatic increase in IL-1beta and IL-8 expression, not observed in the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
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• at 24 h after injection of mammary glands from lactating mice with S. aureus (10-20 CFU), mutant mammary glands show a 30-fold increase in the number of viable bacteria relative to the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
• at 72 h after intra-mammary injection of S. aureus, homozygotes show severe manifestations of bacterial infection, including diarrhea, lethargy, and piloerection
• intra-mammary injection of wild-type milk whey prior to S. aureus injection reduces the severity of bacterial infection, as determined by the number of viable colonies at 24 h post-injection
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• at 72 h after intra-mammary challenge with S. aureus, homozygotes show a 3-fold increase in mortality relative to similarly infected wild-type controls (90% vs 30%)
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integument
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• whereas wild-type milk contains low amounts of free amino acids targeted by LAO (Leu, Phe, Met, and Tyr), mutant milk is rich in each of these amino acids
• however, resumption of free amino acid components in mutant mother milk does not affect the growth rate of nursing pups
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• at 24 h after intra-mammary injection of S. aureus, mutant mammary glands are harder and exude a viscous fluid that is absent from the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
• severely infected mutant mammary glands show numerous neutrophil infiltrations, a disorganized alveolar structure, and a dramatic increase in IL-1beta and IL-8 expression, not observed in the mammary glands of infected wild-type controls
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mortality/aging
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• at 72 h after intra-mammary challenge with S. aureus, homozygotes show a 3-fold increase in mortality relative to similarly infected wild-type controls (90% vs 30%)
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