integument
• in nulliparous mammary glands
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• in lactating mammary glands
|
• impaired growth and development
• fewer duct cells due to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis
• however, alveolar bud formation is normal
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• reduced lobuloalveolar expansion during lactation
|
• defective subcellular organization with loss of distinct cell-cell junctions, numerous pseudolumina, disturbed apical membrane, swollen mitochondria, fragmented endoplasmic reticulum, defective secretory vesicles consisting of improperly packaged casein micelles, and lipid droplets that fail to fuse for secretion
|
• reduced ductal length and lateral branching
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• reduced primary and secondary duct invasion and expansion into the fat pad
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• irregular shaped and narrow distention of alveolar lumen
|
• during early and peak lactation periods resulting in reduced litter survival
|
• in nulliparous mammary glands
• in lactating mammary glands
|
homeostasis/metabolism
• increased in the mammary gland during lactation
• reduced milk zinc concentrations
• however, plasma and liver levels are normal
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immune system
• abnormally activated in the mammary gland
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cellular
• in nulliparous mammary glands
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• in lactating mammary glands
|
• reduced litter survival due to impaired lactation
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• in nulliparous mammary glands
|
• in lactating mammary glands
|
• impaired growth and development
• fewer duct cells due to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis
• however, alveolar bud formation is normal
|
• reduced lobuloalveolar expansion during lactation
|
• defective subcellular organization with loss of distinct cell-cell junctions, numerous pseudolumina, disturbed apical membrane, swollen mitochondria, fragmented endoplasmic reticulum, defective secretory vesicles consisting of improperly packaged casein micelles, and lipid droplets that fail to fuse for secretion
|
• reduced ductal length and lateral branching
|
• reduced primary and secondary duct invasion and expansion into the fat pad
|
• irregular shaped and narrow distention of alveolar lumen
|
• during early and peak lactation periods resulting in reduced litter survival
|
• in nulliparous mammary glands
• in lactating mammary glands
|
hematopoietic system
• abnormally activated in the mammary gland
|