Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• epididymal sperm count is significantly lower than that in wild-type controls
• fewer spermatozoa are found in the lumens of seminiferous tubules and cauda epididymides
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• head and tail of epididymal spermatozoa are often detached
• however, some spermatozoa appear normal with a hook-shaped head and elongated flagellum
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• sperm axonemes show frequent loss of doublet 7 (i.e. a shortened doublet 7) at distal principal pieces; in some cases, an electron dense mass is found at the original position of doublet 7
• loss of doublet 7 always occurs posterior to the point of ODF 7 termination; >50% of axonemes lack doublet 7 at the most distal region where no ODFs are present
• however, loss of doublet 7 is never observed in testes and most flagella in cauda epididymides show normal axonemal structures at midpieces
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• sperm axonemes show frequent loss of doublet 7 (i.e. a shortened doublet 7) at distal principal pieces; in some cases, an electron dense mass is found at the original position of doublet 7
• a possible breakage of a doublet is occasionally seen in longitudinal sections
• minor defects include ectopic and/or excess doublet(s) or outer dense fibers (ODFs) and a deformed fibrous sheath
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• a deformed fibrous sheath is sometimes observed
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• head and tail of epididymal spermatozoa are often detached
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• testes show a reduction in tubulin polyglutamylation
• however, testis size and gross structure are normal
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• males fail to sire pups
• however, mating behavior and copulatory plug deposition are normal
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• sperm show reduced tubulin polyglutamylation, preferentially on doublet 5
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• sperm progressive motility is significantly lower than that in wild-type controls
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• percentage of motile spermatozoa is significantly lower than that in wild-type controls
• sperm flagella show irregular beating with frequent stalls after anti-hook bending, indicative of a failure of bend-switching
• stall patterns appear to be partly caused by a reduction of polyglutamylation on doublet 5, probably at a position involved in switching between bending directions
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cellular
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• epididymal sperm count is significantly lower than that in wild-type controls
• fewer spermatozoa are found in the lumens of seminiferous tubules and cauda epididymides
|
|
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• head and tail of epididymal spermatozoa are often detached
• however, some spermatozoa appear normal with a hook-shaped head and elongated flagellum
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|
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• sperm axonemes show frequent loss of doublet 7 (i.e. a shortened doublet 7) at distal principal pieces; in some cases, an electron dense mass is found at the original position of doublet 7
• loss of doublet 7 always occurs posterior to the point of ODF 7 termination; >50% of axonemes lack doublet 7 at the most distal region where no ODFs are present
• however, loss of doublet 7 is never observed in testes and most flagella in cauda epididymides show normal axonemal structures at midpieces
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• sperm axonemes show frequent loss of doublet 7 (i.e. a shortened doublet 7) at distal principal pieces; in some cases, an electron dense mass is found at the original position of doublet 7
• a possible breakage of a doublet is occasionally seen in longitudinal sections
• minor defects include ectopic and/or excess doublet(s) or outer dense fibers (ODFs) and a deformed fibrous sheath
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• a deformed fibrous sheath is sometimes observed
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• head and tail of epididymal spermatozoa are often detached
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• sperm progressive motility is significantly lower than that in wild-type controls
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• percentage of motile spermatozoa is significantly lower than that in wild-type controls
• sperm flagella show irregular beating with frequent stalls after anti-hook bending, indicative of a failure of bend-switching
• stall patterns appear to be partly caused by a reduction of polyglutamylation on doublet 5, probably at a position involved in switching between bending directions
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• testes show a reduction in tubulin polyglutamylation
• however, testis size and gross structure are normal
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nervous system
| N |
• no hydrocephalus is observed, indicating normal brain ependymal cilia
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respiratory system
| N |
• no coughing-like phenotypes are observed and tracheae show normal ultrastructure of respiratory cilia
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limbs/digits/tail
| N |
• no polydactyly is observed
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renal/urinary system
| N |
• no polycystic kidneys are observed
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