behavior/neurological
• in the choice phase of the novel object recognition test performed at 24 hours, mice show a decrease in the exploratory preference for novel objects, indicating impaired long-term memory in novel object recognition
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• in the choice phase of the novel object recognition test performed at 1 hour, mice show a decrease in the exploratory preference for novel objects, indicating impaired short-term memory in novel object recognition
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• mice show a longer latency to find the hidden platform during the train period of the Morris water maze, indicating impaired spatial learning
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• mice spend less time in the target quadrant and fewer number of times crossing the original platform position during the Morris water maze, indicating impaired spatial memory
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• mice spend less immotile time in the forced swim test and tail-suspension test indicating decreased depression-like behavior
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• mice spend less time in the central zone of the open-field, show reduced open-arm exploration and increased number of entries to the closed arms in the elevated plus maze test indicating increase in anxiety-like behavior
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nervous system
• apoptosis is elevated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
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• loss of Nissl+ neurons in the hippocampus
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• loss of Nissl+ neurons in the cerebral cortex
• however, no gross changes in brain organization or connectivity are seen
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• marker analysis indicates defects in dendritic morphology in the brain
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• marker analysis indicates defects in synaptic morphology in the brain
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cellular
• apoptosis is elevated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
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• global uptake of glucose in the brain is increased
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