Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• spermatozoa display stiff flagella with a fixed curvature from the midpiece to the proximal region of the principal piece
• majority of sperm retain an anti-hook bend compared to pro-hook bending in controls; pro-hook and anti-hook bends refer to the primary flagellar bend in the same or the opposite direction to the hook of the head, respectively
• sperm flagella shows altered surface nanoarchitecture
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• litters sired by homozygous males are smaller than litters sired by heterozygous males and pregnancy rate of males is 36% compared to 100% for heterozygotes indicating male subfertility
• however, males show no differences in mounting behaviors or plug formation and epididymal sperm counts are normal
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• in vitro fertilization rate with mutant sperm is reduced
• however, females show normal mating behavior and give birth to litters when mated with wild-type or heterozygous males
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• beat frequency of sperm is faster than in heterozygotes; however, capacitation does not change beat frequency as is seen in controls
• spermatozoa have a lower basal level of intracellular calcium and aberrant calcium homeostasis
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• initial total motility of sperm is lower by 10% than those of wild-type sperm before capacitation
• motility of sperm is reduced faster than in wild-type when intracellular calcium is reduced by BAPTA-AM under non-capacitating conditions
• sperm take a longer time to recover motility than wild-type mice when extracellular calcium is brought under capacitating conditions in intracellular calcium chelated sperm
• during intracellular calcium chelation, sperm remain bent at a fixed direction with stiff proximal tails while recovering motility
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cellular
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• spermatozoa display stiff flagella with a fixed curvature from the midpiece to the proximal region of the principal piece
• majority of sperm retain an anti-hook bend compared to pro-hook bending in controls; pro-hook and anti-hook bends refer to the primary flagellar bend in the same or the opposite direction to the hook of the head, respectively
• sperm flagella shows altered surface nanoarchitecture
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• initial total motility of sperm is lower by 10% than those of wild-type sperm before capacitation
• motility of sperm is reduced faster than in wild-type when intracellular calcium is reduced by BAPTA-AM under non-capacitating conditions
• sperm take a longer time to recover motility than wild-type mice when extracellular calcium is brought under capacitating conditions in intracellular calcium chelated sperm
• during intracellular calcium chelation, sperm remain bent at a fixed direction with stiff proximal tails while recovering motility
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