growth/size/body
• although newborn and young male mice appear normal up to 12 weeks of age, males exhibit increased body weight after 20 weeks of age
• in contrast, females show normal body weight from birth to 1 year of age
|
• males become obese by 36 weeks of age
• although mice can survive for >2 years, body weight increase is suspended after 36 weeks of age
|
• liver weight is significantly increased in males at 36 weeks of age
|
adipose tissue
• epididymal fat pad weight is significantly increased in males at 36 weeks of age
|
• protein expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) is reduced in male BAT at 26 weeks of age
|
behavior/neurological
• daily food intake is significantly increased in males fed a standard chow at 26 weeks of age
|
polyphagia
(
J:251603
)
|
homeostasis/metabolism
N |
• no significant alterations in blood glucose levels (AUC) or plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), triglycerides, total cholesterol and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in males at 1 year of age
• normal serum levels of catecholamines and thyroid hormone (T4) in males at 26 weeks of age
|
• plasma leptin level is significantly increased in males at 1 year of age
• leptin mRNA level is increased in epididymal fat pads and cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs)
• overexpression of leptin in old males is suggestive of leptin resistance that induces hyperphagia and obesity
|
cellular
• generation of stress granules by arsenite treatment is inhibited in cultured MEFs
|
liver/biliary system
• liver weight is significantly increased in males at 36 weeks of age
|
reproductive system
N |
• male fertility is normal, despite relatively high endogenous gene expression level in wild-type testes
|